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Harvard Style

This guide shows how to use the Harvard style of referencing

Figures

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration that you want to use in your assignment. Tables are words or numbers that are displayed in orderly rows and columns.

 

Reproduction of tables, diagrams, pictures etc. should be treated as direct quotes, in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced and in the caption you write for it. i.e. the author(s) is alluded to 3 times:

  1. In a caption, just above or below the figure or table. This includes a title and its source. Figure captions go below the figure and Table captions go above the table. If you are reproducing any image from a source, you should also include copyright permission.
  2.  In your text. Include a citation and a sentence or more about the image or table explaining what it exemplifies and why it is there. For example, Figure 1 shows ...
  3. As a reference in your Bibliography or Reference List.

If you are writing a thesis, you will need to show a 'List of Figures' immediately after the table of contents. They should appear in consecutive order, as they are referred to in the text, and have clear, concise titles. If you have only used a few images, you can include the details of the figures in your Reference List.

Figures reproduced or adapted from books or book chapters

The caption for any image that you use should be given a figure number and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.

 

Figure 1: The greyhound (Source: Youatt 1845, p. 28)

 

In-Text Citation:

Refer to the image or figure in the body of the text of your assignment as its figure number.

 

Examples:
  • As can be seen in Figure 1...
  • Figure 2 shows...
  • ... (see Figure 3)

 

Reference List entry:

 

 

Figure referred to in your text (not reproduced)

If you simply refer to a figure in a book, but do not reproduce it in your document, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

 

In-Text Citation

 
Entry in Reference List

 

 

 

Figures reproduced or adapted from Articles

When referencing images that come from articles, it is perfectly acceptable to cite the parent article. If you want to specifically cite the image, use the article citation and make the following changes:

  1. Check the article content for additional source information, such as a photographer or illustrator. If an alternate name is available, use that in place of the article's author(s).
  2. If the image has a title or caption, use that in place of the article title. 
  3. After the article or image title and before the journal title, insert the image type. Image types are: Chart, Diagram, Graph, Illustration, Map, or Photograph. 
  4. Replace the page range of the article with the page number for the image. 

 

Caption

 

Figure 1. Map of the Shannon Estuary with the locations of C-POD deployment (Source: Carmen, Berrow and O’Brien 2021, p. 275). CC BY 4.0.

 

In-Text Citation:

 

Entry in the Reference List:

 

Figure referred to in your text (not reproduced)

If you simply refer to a figure in an article, but do not reproduce it in your document, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

 

In-Text Citation

 

Entry in the Reference List

Images reproduced from websites

This is for any image from a website (photograph, diagram, illustration, table, figure, etc.). It is fairly common for websites to copy images from other sources. You should try to find and credit the original creator of the image rather than use secondary referencing. Google’s Reverse Image Search can help with this or tineye.com.

Go to images.google.com, click the camera icon, and either paste in the URL for an image you've seen online, upload an image from your hard drive, or drag an image from another window.

 

Caption:

In the caption below the figure:

Show the Figure number, Figure title and source (author and year). 

Note that you should use the wording “Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission” only when permission has been sought and granted.

 

Figure 1. Irish Baby Names 2021. (Source: Central Statistics Office 2022). 

 

In-text Citation

 

Entry in Reference List

 

Figure referred to in your text (not reproduced)

If you simply refer to an image, but do not reproduce it in your document, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.

 

In-Text Citation

 

Entry in the Reference List

 


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