An e-book retrieved from an academic database that does not have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is referenced as though it were the print version, as above. (A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works).
Books with a URL or a DOI can be referenced like this:
Journal article (online)
Journal articles retrieved from databases without a DOI can be referenced like a print journal, as above.
There is no need for a ‘Viewed date’ when using a DOI, since the link is permanent.
“Pre-print”, “In press” and “advanced online publication” usually refer to articles that have been accepted for publication, but may not yet have been assigned to a publication volume/issue. These articles can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI.
If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range.
If no date can be established, use n.d. to indicate no date in the citation and the reference.
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If the URL for the webpage where the report was found requires you to login with a username and password, use the homepage of the database in your reference (this will be the first page you view after you have logged into the database).
EU Directive
Conference Paper (Journal)
If you are citing an illustration, figure, diagram or table, start with the source in which it appeared. In your in-text citation, give the page number and any caption number that will help to identify the illustration, using the terminology in the book or article (for example, illus./fig./diagram/logo/table). The reference list entry will be for the whole article or book.
Chaudhary (2020, p. 23, fig. 1.3) illustrates three groups of organisms- yeasts, molds and mushrooms.
Olson and Ahluwalia (2021, p. 1031, fig. 1) investigate the likelihood of sharing favourable word of mouth...
‘Title of article’
Image, illustration, photo or table (online)
Exhibition Catalogue
Title of film (in italics)